A complete guide to initializing a new HDD or SSD on a running Debian system using fdisk, mkfs, and fstab.
Introduction
You've just physically installed a new SSD or HDD into your Debian server. You reboot, but the drive doesn't appear. This is normal. In Linux, new drives must be manually partitioned, formatted, and mounted before the operating system can use them.
This guide will walk you through the entire process from the command line. We'll find the disk, create a mo…
Learn the essential Git commands to create your first repository, push your code, and collaborate.
Introduction
If you're new to software development or system administration, you've heard of Git and GitHub. They are the industry-standard tools for version control (tracking changes to your code) and collaboration (working with others).
- Git is the tool on your local computer that tracks changes.
- GitHub is a website that hosts your Git pro…
A step-by-step guide to creating independent, persistent desktop sessions for multiple users.
Introduction
Setting up a remote desktop on a server is a common task, but most guides focus on a single user or simple screen sharing. This guide tackles a more advanced scenario: building a true multi-user VNC "terminal" server on Ubuntu 24.04 LTS.
The goal is to allow multiple users (like alice and bob) to connect to the same server but get their own independent, persistent GN…
# Master the `awk` command with this practical cheatsheet.
# Learn to process text files, select columns,
# filter lines by patterns, and perform calculations in Linux.
# ----- Unleashing `awk`: A Practical Cheatsheet -----
# Print specific columns (fields) from a file or input:
# Fields are separated by spaces/tabs by default. $1=1st, $2=2nd, $0=whole line.
xinit@localhost:~$ ls -l | awk '{print $1, $9}'
# Prints permissions and filename.
# Print col…
# The ultimate cURL cheatsheet for developers and sysadmins.
# Quickly find commands to download files, test REST APIs, send POST/GET requests,
# and set custom headers with practical, copy-paste examples.
# ----- A Practical `curl` Cheatsheet -----
# Simply fetch the content of a URL (GET request):
xinit@localhost:~$ curl https://example.com
# Show detailed info, including response headers (-i):
xinit@localhost:~$ curl -i h…
# A simple Linux I/O redirection cheatsheet. Learn how to redirect
# stdin, stdout, and stderr with practical examples of >, <, |, >>, and 2>.
# Master command chaining and error handling in a copy-paste format.
# ----- Linux I/O Redirection Cheatsheet -----
# Redirect standard output (stdout) to a file:
# WARNING: '>' OVERWRITES the file if it exists!
xinit@localhost:~$ ls -l > files_list.txt
# Redirect stdout and APPEND to a file…
# A practical grep command cheatsheet for Linux. Learn to search files, use
# regular expressions, filter output, and more with easy-to-copy examples.
# ----- Mastering `grep`: Basic Filtering -----
# The most common use: filter output from another command:
# (e.g., find a specific process)
xinit@localhost:~$ ps aux | grep 'nginx'
# Search for a string in a single file (case-sensitive):
xinit@localhost:~$ grep 'error' /var/l…
# A practical guide to killing unresponsive processes in Linux. Learn to use `kill`,
# `killall`, `pkill`, and `fuser` to stop processes by PID, name, or network port.
# ----- Kill by Process ID (PID) - The Classic Way -----
# First, find the Process ID (PID) of your app:
xinit@localhost:~$ ps aux | grep 'my_process'
# Then, kill the process by its PID:
# Sends a "graceful shutdown" signal (SIGTERM 15)
xinit@localhost:~$ kil…
# Go beyond simple file search. Learn how to use the Linux "find" command to locate
# files by name, time, and size, and perform actions like `delete` or `chmod`.
# ----- The Power of `find`: Finding Files -----
# Find files by name (case-sensitive):
xinit@localhost:~$ find /path/to/search -type f -name "myfile.txt"
# Find files by name (case-insensitive):
xinit@localhost:~$ find /path/to/search -type f -iname "myfile.txt"
…# A simple, step-by-step cheatsheet to creating, activating, and managing Python
# virtual environments with venv. This guide also educate you how to install PIP packages
# in your virtual environment. Perfect for beginners on Linux, macOS, and Windows.
# ----- Python Virtual Environments (venv) -----
# 1. Install the venv package.
# On Debian/Ubuntu, you may need to install it separately:
xinit@localhost:~$ sudo apt install python3-venv
# On Windows and…
